The nuclear radius ( " R " ) is considered to be one of the basic quantities that any model must predict.
2.
These reactions are important at heavy ion colliders, because, with the large nuclear charges, the probability of multi-photon interactions in near grazing collisions ( impact parameter b just slightly above twice the nuclear radius ) is large.
3.
For stable nuclei ( not halo nuclei or other unstable distorted nuclei ) the nuclear radius is roughly proportional to the cube root of the mass number ( " A " ) of the nucleus, and particularly in nuclei containing many nucleons, as they arrange in more spherical configurations:
4.
Knowing that the typical nuclear radius " r " is of the order of 10 " 12 cm, the expected nuclear cross section is of the order of " ? r " 2 or roughly 10 " 24 cm 2 ( thus justifying the definition of the here for more example of cross sections ).
5.
:: The " empty space " inside each atom is perhaps 99.9999999999 % or more of the " volume " of the atom ( based on the atomic radius being at least 10, 000 times the nuclear radius ), but the space can hardly be described as " empty " because other atoms cannot normally enter it, and only certain particles can normally gain access.
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